Syntax
Seyyed Mahdi Sadati Nooshabadi; Narjes Banou sabouri
Volume 14, Issue 4 , March 2023, , Pages 229-254
Abstract
In this research the structure of gapping in the Old Persian and Zoroastrian Middle Persian Languages is studied with regard to the symmetric merge and multi-dominance approach. For doing so, at first the structure of gapping and its properties are described and then this structure in the linguistic ...
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In this research the structure of gapping in the Old Persian and Zoroastrian Middle Persian Languages is studied with regard to the symmetric merge and multi-dominance approach. For doing so, at first the structure of gapping and its properties are described and then this structure in the linguistic samples of Old and Middle Persian Languages are analyzed by using the results of Citko (2011b and 2012). According to the results of this research, the properties of gapping structure found in the samples of Old Persian Language are different from the standard notion of gapping in a way that in the samples of Old Persian Language there is scrambling phenomenon in a NP and the deleted construction is also a part of embedded NP. In the Zoroastrian Middle Persian language, evidences found in the gapping structure such as existence of the same tense, voice of the verb and lexical verbs in the conjuncts are the solid bases for the symmetric merge of the T, little v, and lexical verb heads in this structure.
SEYYED MAHDI SADATI NOOSHABADI; Mehdi Sabzevari; Narjes Banou Sabouri; Mazdak Anoushe
Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2021, , Pages 1-29
Abstract
In this paper the parasitic gap in Persian language is explained by using the explanations provided by two proposed approaches in the Minimalist Programme namely as “Sideward Movement” and “Symmetric Merge”. In “Sideward Movement” the parasitic gap is considered as ...
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In this paper the parasitic gap in Persian language is explained by using the explanations provided by two proposed approaches in the Minimalist Programme namely as “Sideward Movement” and “Symmetric Merge”. In “Sideward Movement” the parasitic gap is considered as a NP which after valuing its uninterpretable feature in the adjunct clause, moves to the main clause to value its uninterpretable feature again and then moves to the specifier of the CP. This explanation is problematic since the uninterpretable features are checked and deleted after being valued. In the “Symmetric Merge” approach the parasitic gap is considered as a shared NP between the adjunct and main clauses by having the same case feature in two clauses. This approach cannot explain the parasitic gap in Persian language since in some example the moved NP has two different case features. After reviewing other examples from the old, middle, and new Persian languages and finding that the parasitic gap has particular characteristics such a grammaticality of the sentence even when we have pronoun in the situation of the real gap, it is concluded that the Persian language is a language without parasitic gap.
Narjes Sabouri
Volume 9, Issue 16 , November 2017, , Pages 45-59
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
Etymology is in brief the study of word’s origin or history. Thus, to achieve the correct root of a word, one should get back in time to be able to provide evident information about the word and confidently restore the word-formation process. Gilaki dialect is ...
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Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
Etymology is in brief the study of word’s origin or history. Thus, to achieve the correct root of a word, one should get back in time to be able to provide evident information about the word and confidently restore the word-formation process. Gilaki dialect is a modern Iranian one belongs to the northwestern branch of Iranian languages and dialects spoken toward the edge of Caspian Sea and the sideline of southwest coast of the Sea. Like other Iranian dialects, Gilaki is of several types such that sometimes a different variation is used in the neighboring parts. In addition, Gilaki, in terms of linguistics is significantly different from standard Persian in different structural, phonological, and lexica levels.
2- Methodology
This research is a diachronic one which studies the etymology of twenty Gilaki words on the basis of the reliable references of historical linguistics as well as etmylogical ones. Based on researcher’s intuition, the data were collected from the plains of east Guilan and the mountainous part of Deylaman and some others were gathered in the field. In any entry, the ancient Iranian and Indo-European roots along with the phonological/ structural features of the word are given. Then, the cognates of other Iranian languages and dialects are presented. The field method was used to get the data from Tati, Talishi, Mazandarani, and Hawrami. The phonemic transcription of the data was done in terms of the methods and symbols prevalent in the works in Iranian languages.
3- Discussion
-ča:mən »urine«
This is the Gilaki noun derived from ancint Iranian *č āman- < *čįa- »to throw, to get rid of«.
-dəvərsə »being replaced«
The short participle form dəvərəstə; from derivative prefix də-, past stem vərəst-. present stem derived from ancient Iranian *ṷar- »to turn, to rotate« > *uara- > vər-
-dajanēn »to pain«
It is the Gilaki causative verb from causative stem dajan-, present stem daj- derived from ancient Iranian *daj- »to burn, to fire« > *daja- > daj-.
- dəxrāvəstən »crumble«
It is the Gilaki verb from derivative prefix də-, past stem xrāvəst- derived from *xrau- »to tear, to rip, to break« >*xrāua- > xrāv-.
- fušon »wrinkle«
It is the Gilaki noun from derivative prefix fu- »bottom« and šon < *šāna- < *šan- »to shake, to tremble. «
- havatən »to take off«
It is the Gilaki prefixed verb, from derivative prefix ha-, past stem vat- derived from *uaj- »pull out« > *vaxta- > vat-.
-kərjə »tap, flick«
It is the Gilaki noun derived from ancient Iranian *karčaka- < karč- »to knock«.
-kəšə »chain, thick rope«
It is the Gilaki noun derived from ancient Iranian *kašaka- < *kaš- »to imprison, to jail«.
- mətə »walked«
It is the Gilaki participle based on ancient participle derived from *maig- »to move« > *mixta- > məxt- > mət.
- nəštə »old«
It is the Gilaki participle based on ancient participle derived from *nas- »to disappear, to vanish« > *nasta- > našt-.
- nəvəstə »moved«
It is the Gilaki participle based on past stem of nəvəst- formed on present stem nəv-: *naṷ- »to move« > *naṷa- > nəv-.
-rut »muddy & contaminated water«
It is the relic of ancient Iranian participle *ruta- < *ru- »to besmirch, to befoul«.
-sərtə »covered & hidden«
It is the Gilaki adjective derived from the ancient Iranian *sartaka- < *sar- »to hide, to conceal. «
-tələ »gap«
It is the Gilaki noun derived from the ancient Iranian *tardaka- < *tard- »to break, to split, to cleave. «
-tān »range, depth«
It is the Gilaki noun derived from the ancient Iranian *tāna- < *tan- »to stretch, to expand«.
-tārəstən »to clean«
It is the Gilaki verb from past stem tārəst derived from *tar- »to rub, to clean« > *tāra- > tār-.
-valət »torn«
It is the relic of ancient participle from derivative prefix va- and *rak- »to cut, to tear «
>*rakta- > lət-.
-vindərdə »standing«
It is the Gilaki participle from the ancient Iranian *ṷi-ni-dar- »to stand «> *ṷindarta- > vindərd-
xəfə »cough«
It is the Gilaki noun derived from *xafaka- < *xaf- »to cough.«
zāranēn »to irritate«
This is the causative verb from zāran- deived from *zar- »to hurt, to injure, to irritate «
>*zāra- > zār- » to hurt, to injure, to irritate «
4- Conclusion
Studying the etymology of Gilaki words not only reveals the association of this dialect with other Iranian dialects particularly Tati, and Talishi in three periods of Ancient, Middle, and Modern Iranian, it also reflects the developmental process of phonemes and lexical structures and indicates the lexical and semantic capacity of this dialect, as well as other Iranian languages, and the related dialects. Taking the opportunity to scrutinize Iranian languages and dialects in terms of historical linguistics and etymological researches. This is to find a way not only to preserve and keep these valuable treasures but also to use their lexical and semantic capacity for word-formation and further to enhance the richness of Persian language.
